Select one language for the standard evidence view, or add a comparison language.
Comparison labels use the selected ISO 639-3 codes, for example ITA and KAT.
The filter changes highlighting and comparison membership; it does not alter the underlying L/P statistics. Phonetic view adds “+n” allophone counts from PHOIBLE documentation and an extra drawer section; it never changes L or P either.
P magnitude per phoneme — lit segments at 1M · 10M · 100M · 1B · 4B speakers
Verified/curated phoneme mapping
Alternative realization
Source-attested; unresolved
Not attested
Only in primary language
Only in comparison language
Absent in both
Each box carries the actual ISO codes, so comparison does not depend on colour alone.
Pulmonic consonants
| Manner | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Impossible articulation | Impossible articulation | |||||||||
| Nasal | Impossible articulation | Impossible articulation | |||||||||
| Trill | Impossible articulation | Impossible articulation | |||||||||
| Tap or flap | Impossible articulation | Impossible articulation | |||||||||
| Fricative | |||||||||||
| Lateral fricative | Impossible articulation | Impossible articulation | Impossible articulation | Impossible articulation | |||||||
| Approximant | Impossible articulation | ||||||||||
| Lateral approximant | Impossible articulation | Impossible articulation | Impossible articulation | Impossible articulation |
pbWhere symbols appear in pairs, the symbol on the left is voiceless and the symbol on the right is voiced.Areas shaded grey indicate articulations judged impossible.
Vowels
| Height | Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | |||||||||||
| Near-close | |||||||||||
| Close-mid | |||||||||||
| Mid | |||||||||||
| Open-mid | |||||||||||
| Near-open | |||||||||||
| Open | |||||||||||
eøExample: e–ø. Where symbols appear in pairs, the symbol on the left is unrounded and the symbol on the right is rounded. The pale-yellow background identifies the paired cells.
Non-pulmonic consonants
Clicks
Voiced implosives
Ejectives
Other IPA symbols
Other symbols
Writing-system coverage
| Grapheme or spelling | Mapped phoneme(s) | Many-to-many relationship | IPA chart coverage | Verification note |
|---|
Source-aware, language-by-language verification model. A language phoneme may be written with several graphemes, and a grapheme may represent several phonemes. Likewise, one IPA phone may realize several phonemes and one phoneme may have several IPA realizations. Green is reserved for an explicit or curated phoneme–grapheme mapping; amber marks an explicit alternative realization; blue means that the exact symbol is present in at least one PHOIBLE inventory but its cross-source canonical interpretation has not been independently resolved; red means not attested in the current aggregated inventories/model. In language mode, green indicates a canonical phoneme, amber an alternative or allophonic transcription mapped to a canonical phoneme, and red a sound that is not present. The linkage starts from the ISO 639-3 codes available in PHOIBLE; Glottocodes remain associated with inventories and are shown in the details so that language identity can be verified. Two-letter CLDR codes, macrolanguages, and selected bibliographic codes are normalized to the ISO 639-3 code used by PHOIBLE through an explicit, reviewed mapping table. Only languages with both a PHOIBLE inventory and a positive demographic estimate are included. Click symbols are the exception to exact-symbol matching: PHOIBLE represents a click as a complete segment combining posterior and anterior articulations, so each click cell aggregates every PHOIBLE segment containing that anterior click component. L is deduplicated by ISO 639-3. P is an index weighted by estimated speakers and includes only green verified/curated mappings and amber alternative realizations. Blue source-attested unresolved records are excluded from P. The demographic source may include L1 and L2 speakers, and multilingual people may therefore contribute to more than one language. It is not a count of unique individuals and must not be described as an “L1 base.” IPA variants with diacritics, length, aspiration, or palatalization remain separate. PHOIBLE · Unicode CLDR language populations.